Leghtas \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t(2013) reflects on the rising evictions of informal Rroma camps in France that \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\trecur every summer. In March 2012, Fran\u00e7ois Holland, then still a presidential \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tcandidate, blamed the policies of the Sarkozy administration for the blatant \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tpoverty of the Rroma in France. It was a scapegoat policy taking place on the \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tback of Rroma and additionally stigmatizing them. But even under the new Hollande \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tgovernment, Leghtas emphasizes that things have not changed in practice. The \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tmuch-quoted circular of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of August, 2012, which \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tcalls for a better information policy to residents and for the timely \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\torganization of alternative accommodation had not been applied very often. A \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tlaw that was passed under Sarkozy and allows the deportation of Romanian and \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBulgarian Rroma for \u201cabuse\u201d of the European freedom of travel is still in \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tforce. Some mayors have themselves taken the initiative and organised legal \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\taccommodation for he needy and enrolled the children into classes. These \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tindividual acts – so Leghtas – do not free the French government of its \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tresponsibility for finding a respectable, long-term solution in dealing with \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRroma. France must follow a politic in agreement with the UN human rights \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tpolicies that guarantee a timely relocation and care of those affected by \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tforced evictions. In addition, the French government has to seek better \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tintegration policies, such as reducing barriers in accessing the labour market. \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIn August, a new wave of evictions is imminent. It is time for the government \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHollande to put their new orientation towards the Sarkozy administration to the \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttest.<\/p>\n
Various \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFrench newspapers (Bertrand, 2013, Dessus, 2013, Le Point, 2013) also report \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tback on the prosecution of Jean-Marie Le Pen and Christian Estrosi for racist \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tabuse against Rroma. The European Forum of Rroma, SOS Rasismus and the \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAssociation of French Rroma organizations are the accusers. The plaintiffs accuse \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLe Pen and Estrosi among others, to promote a discourse of hatred against the \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRroma purely for electoral purposes. Various newspapers equate Rroma with \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTravellers, even though most Rroma are recognized to be sedentary. The Mayor \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSophie Dessus advocates a cooperative deal with the residents of illegal \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsettlements, rather than collection of repressive policies. Le Creurer (2013) \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsummarizes the statements of Estrosi as follows: \u201cMonsieur Estrosi a \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttenu des propos x\u00e9nophobes contre les gens du voyage suite \u00e0 des occupations \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\till\u00e9gales de terrains communaux par leurs caravanes. Il a d\u00e9nonc\u00e9 des \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tcomportements de \u201ed\u00e9linquants\u201c et a appel\u00e9 les maires de France \u00e0 \u201ela r\u00e9volt\u00e9\u201c \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ten proposant de leur fournir son \u201emode d’emploi\u201c pour \u201eles mater.\u201c\u201c \u00a0[Mister Estrosi made \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\txenophobic statements against travellers following illegal occupations of \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tcommunal land by their caravans. He denounced what he deemed \u201ccriminal\u201d \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tbehaviours, and appealed to France\u2019s Mayors to \u201crevolt\u201d offering them his \u201chow \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tto\u201d to tame them.] <\/em>Due \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tto existing regulations, all communities are asked to provide space for at \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tleast 50 caravans and transit sites for 50 to 250 caravans (Polloni 2013). In \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tthis case Rroma are again confused travellers. Only a small single-digit \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tpercentage of Rroma is effectively travelling.<\/p>\n Ziegler \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t(2013) addresses the now frequently encountered confusion between the terms of Rroma, \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGypsies and Travellers. Louis de Gouyon Matignon, junior president of the \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFrench Association for the gypsy culture suggests the following distinction: \u201cIl est tr\u00e8s important de faire la distinction. Le peuple tsigane est \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tform\u00e9 de trois peuples diff\u00e9rents\u00a0: les Roms lorsqu\u2019ils sont \u00e0 l\u2019Est de \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tl\u2019Europe, les manouches lorsqu\u2019ils sont \u00e0 l\u2019Ouest, et enfin les gitans \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tlorsqu\u2019ils sont sur la p\u00e9ninsule ib\u00e9rique. Les tsiganes de France s\u2019appellent \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tles gens du voyage. Ce sont des citoyens fran\u00e7ais qui n\u2019ont rien \u00e0 voir avec \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tles Roms qui sont des citoyens de l\u2019Europe et qui sont pour la majorit\u00e9, soit \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRoumains, soit Bulgares.<\/em>\u201d [It is really important to make \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ta distinction. The Gypsy people comprise three different groups: The Rroma, \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twhen they are in Eastern Europe, the Manouches when they are in the West, and \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tthe Gitanos, when they are in the Iberic Penninsula. These are French citizen \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twho have nothing to do with the Rroma who are European citizen and who are in \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tmajority either Romanian or Bulgarian.]<\/em> One can only criticise this \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdistinction between Rroma, Manouche, Gipsies and Tsiganes as being simplistic \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tand only partially true. The German Sinti and the closely related French \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tManouche, as well as the Spanish Kale (Gipsies) are country-specific \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdesignations for members of the Rroma who live since the 15th Century in \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWestern Europe. Sinti are part of the Rroma as a whole and not a separate \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tethnic group. These groups contrasts with Rroma \u00a0immigrants from Eastern Europe from the 20th Century who \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tmigrated to Western Europe because of civil war or economic hardship.<\/p>\n Polloni \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t(2013) takes a closer look at Christian Estrosi\u2019s Rroma policies. She points \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tout the contradiction that, contrary to the provisions in force, only a fraction \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tof the necessary permanent and transit sites for Travellers\u00a0 who are incorrectly equated here with \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tthe Rroma are available. The article focuses more on the Estrosi\u2019s visit to the \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAboras stadion, where Rroma were quartered for several weeks. Estrosi called for \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tthe Travellers to immediately leave the stadium. When they refused, Estrosi \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tthreatened them with a systematic monitoring of all their activities: \u201cBon, on va voir, j\u2019en ai mat\u00e9 d\u2019autres et je vous materai. Et la \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tpremi\u00e8re chose que je fais c\u2019est de mettre des cam\u00e9ras partout, pour surveiller \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tvos faits et gestes dans les quelques heures qui viennent, on va noter ceux qui \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\trentrent, ceux qui sortent, \u00e0 quelle minute, \u00e0 quel moment, et ce que vous \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tallez faire partout dans la ville, dans la m\u00e9tropole, etc.\u201c<\/em> [So, let\u2019s see, I \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttamed others and will tame you. And the first thing I will do is put cameras \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\teverywhere, to watch everything you do in the few hours from now, we will note \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twho came in, went out, at which minute, at what time, and what you are going to \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tto everywhere in the city, the agglomeration, etc.]<\/em> With this rigorous monitoring policy Estrosi \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twants to force these \u201cstateless\u201d people to a state compliant behaviour.<\/p>\n France 3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t(2013) discusses the state of Romanian, Bulgarian and Spanish Rroma immigrants \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tin Auvergne. The immigrants are in a state of non-appurtenance: Although they are EU \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tcitizens, they are not welcome just about anywhere and it is therefore very difficult \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tto build a livelihood and to integrate.<\/p>\n Sources:<\/strong><\/p>\n Leghtas (2013) reflects on the rising evictions of informal Rroma camps in France that recur every summer. 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